Soft power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Soft power - Essay Example The first problem is that a country has diverse individuals who can either choose to like the attraction or not. In addition, whether the appeal will result to the capacity to influence the country’s policy depends on the groups in the country who deem it attractive and not forgetting. In addition, the level of authority in policymaking is equally important. Secondly, policy making at national level proves to be more intricate compared to the personal level. It has diverse dynamics that emphasize mainly on coherent deliberations (Fan 150). The situation gives little space for emotional elements and consequently minimizes the soft power effect. Fan (150) affirms that since soft power proves to be both uncontrollable and impulsive, it would be difficult to exercise it in an organized and synchronized manner. Soft power implies the ability to shape the inclination of others. Whether power can operate effectively at state level will remain questionable. This is true because soft power exercised by a certain country may have a positive impact on the partisan elite and have undesirable influence on the public in another country (Szczudlik 46). Several complicating factors are responsible for shaping the association amid countries. The situation leaves soft power playing a minimal role towards such a relationship. Ultimately, strategic interests determine the relationship amid countries as opposed to soft power. In addition, one cannot envision a country having enormous soft power without the back up of hard power. It is not strange that the United States is a superpower that possesses immense hard and soft power. The situation implies that countries may share a common agenda or cultural affiliations and still create some form of distance regarding matters of national relationships. The association amid China and Japan proves to be a good example to attest this occurrence. Szczudlik (46) argues that regardless of the historical cultural affiliations and

Native American Essay Example for Free

Native American Essay It is believed that the Hopi are the Native American tribe that has been living for the longest time in the same place. They arrived in the arid region of Northwest Arizona probably over a thousand years ago, and traditionally lived in the cultivation of corn and other plants, for which they achieved a very careful use of water and space. Despite the friction between the Hopi and both the Navajo and the Western, resulting from the invasion of both cultures of the Hopi lands in the past, they are one of the few aboriginal groups who maintain their culture until today. Their villages are ancient, some with a history of 1000 years. They have developed a reputation for basketry and sculpt miniatures. They are owners and operators of a cultural center, a museum and a hotel complex. According to Hopi tradition, the history of mankind is divided into periods they call worlds, which are separated by terrible natural disasters: the first world fell in the fire, the second by the ice and the third by water. Our present world, the fourth according to their prophecies, is coming to an end and will give way to a new world in the not too distant future. In total, humanity must walk through seven worlds. Hopi Indians claim that their ancestors were visited by beings from the stars who moved on flying shields or thundering birds and who dominated the art of cutting and carrying huge blocks of stone, as well as to build tunnels and underground facilities. These rescuers were called katchinas, meaning wise, honorable and respected. Katchinas were able to save the Hopi from some disasters, and they taught them to observe the stars, cutting roots, enforce laws and a long list of activities. They multiplied as people, and from them emerged clans and nations that extended across America. Hopi means peaceful or civilized person in Hopi language. Fascinated by the Hopi language linguist Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897-1941) became inspired on his research on the Hopi to formulate his principle of linguistic relativity, which states that the language in which people operate affects their view of reality. When Whorf studied the tribe of the Hopi, he was surprised to find that the Hopi language words cannot express the past, the present and the future. The Hopi see life as a continuum and that is why they need not to describe the meaning of time as we do. According to Whorf, the lack of isomorphism between the Amerindians and the English language indicates a basic difference in thinking that is culturally acquired by the individual in the process of language acquisition. The Hopi language, according to Whorf, has a much larger number of verbs than names, unlike European languages, and this is reflected for instance in a different conception of time and motion and this is very important for the following: The Hopi conceive time and movement in a purely operational way – a matter of complexity and scale of those operations that connect facts so that the time element is not separated from the element of space, which enters as a part of the operation regardless of the former. Whorf tells us that one could assume that the Hopi, who know – initially only the language and cultural ideas of their own society, have the same notions of time and space that we have, or that concepts such as time and space involve intuitions that are universal. Yet this is not true, the Hopi do not have – originally a general notion or intuition of time that elapses uniformly and in which everything in the universe goes by the same pace. Though this theory has been observed for several decades, it has also been the target of attacks and criticisms, including those of the well-known professor emeritus of languages Ekkehart Malotki, a specialist in Hopi culture, who argues on his studies that the Hopi language contains various tenses, metaphors and units of time. These include days, number of days, parts and kinds of days, such as yesterday, morning, day, week, month, months, lunar phases, seasons and years. The Hopi live, move and exist within their religion, they fit into the description that anthropologist Mircea Eliade makes of the archaic or religious man , which perceive both the environment and the human actions as sacred, and who is able to respond to this sacredness in the sense that they repeat the exemplary models that they’ve received from their ancestors. The perception of a primordial temporality, as opposed to our Western linear temporality, responds to how they perceive objects and actions in the world. The objects are not perceived as themselves, in isolation, but as participants in a web of meaning that shapes totality, in this way everything is done and acquires significant value in response to other things to which it relates. In relation to actions, each action has an exemplary model, which was inaugurated by a mythical ancestor (for the Hopi, the katchinas), who initiated the action and forged its exemplariness or genuineness, which is now repeated: the paramountcy of time in the repetition of exemplary actions. We see that the difference between the Hopi and Western temporalities can be explained from the meaning of human actions on both cultures, in our Western culture in everything we do we are affected by the past, and we act in response to the consequences that we can get done in the future, however Hopi perceive time as a unit, a continuum, and the actions that ultimately shape their perceptions are not divided in a linear temporality (past-present-future) as they are a constant repetition of the key, mythical actions. This means that the Hopi continually celebrate with their doings a more genuine status of things.

A Marketing Orientation And A Production Orientation Marketing Essay

A Marketing Orientation And A Production Orientation Marketing Essay Marketing can be defined as the company satisfying customer and market needs by creating value through communicating and working with customer. Different company have their different business strategies. Marketing can be classified into many types of, such as consumer orientation, marketing orientation, demand orientation and production orientation. An explanation of the academic meaning of marketing orientation and production orientation will be shown in this essay and then their main difference. Marketing orientation is when a company finished some researches of the customer and society needs before them producing products for the markets. Production orientation is when a company manufacture goods for the market without doing any researches. An example of the Champagne markets in French has succeeded in use marketing orientation, wine industries use production orientation to develop their markets. There are four main differences between marketing orientation and production orientat ion will be discussed in the following words. First of all, their cores are different. Secondly, their selling means are different. Thirdly, their marketing strategies are different. In the end, their goals are different. Marketing orientation refers to an organization in accordance with market demand to develop the business plan. Business objective should be to satisfy customer needs, not just using the existing production equipment or raw materials. An oversupply in the market, industry competition, consumer products or services required for its wide range of choices has been a market context, business managers how to adapt and meet consumer requirements? Enterprises should in-depth analysis of the markets information and change production planning. And then actively develop some new markets. However, business can stimulate consumption and increase profit by follow these findings to product goods and services. Enterprises have to know the sufficient information before they develop a new product. They need to give full consideration to the interests of customers and society. Marketing orientation contains two major components: competitor-focus and customer-focus (Heiens, R 2000). In marketing orientation, its marketing concept is put the interest of consumers first. Many academic marketing researchers think customer-focus is one of the most important aspects of marketing orientation (Heiens, R 2000). Because it stimulate a company has foresight of their planning. A long-term business may more interest in customer-focus than short-term business. Also a customer-focus company can gain large profits and succeed by pay attention on consumer needs (Heiens, R 2000). A competitor-focus business can easily to identity their goodness and weakness through they compete with other strong contenders. Aim is they can always stay at the top in the industry and become a giant corporation in the future. Thus, business can choose to focus on customer needs in a growing market or on competitors in stable markets. If a company only use one orientation may caused an economic policy that is doomed to failure. For example, marketing orientation and consumer orientation always coexist in market. Both of them considered customer and competitive first. Customer orientation means an enterprise to meet customer needs and improve customer value for the business starting objective. In the process of marketing, businesses need to pay attention to consumer preferences and consumer behavior. Business need to attach importance to new product development, marketing innovation and then adapt changefully customer requirements. Consumer orientation is a significant basis for marketing orientation for commodity economy. Business must consider customers spending power or behavior before doing survey and researches to find consumer demand. Hence, there is interaction between the two orientations. Production orientation means company will focus primarily on improving yield, and reducing costs through mass production and compression costs to economies of scale. Ultimately achieve the goal of increasing profits. Although the production orientation is the early stages of development in the commodity economy, the lack of integrated marketing sense. But it still is the most important of the marketing concept for some small companies. It is difficult for them to compete with a big company or huge multinationals. Enterprises will try to find some methods to selling their products, such as advertising. They attracted the attention of consumers by putting advertisings on newspapers or TV ads. There is an example of the small champagne producers in the Champagne region of France. The Champagne region of France has been built for around 1500 years. Its so popular in making wine in the world. At this wine region, over 34,000 hectares have been planted grapes. Most of the larger and well-known producers have set up at Reims and Epernay, centre of the Champagne region. There are also some small growers in the vineyards, each with around two hectares of land. Most of the biggest sized producers are family enterprises, the largest one producing 1.5 million bottles per year and the smallest only 2000. The global wine industries face a more challenging trading environment in nowadays. Wine products have already exceeded consumption in the last twenty years (Osmond Anderson, 1998). There is a general decrease in the French wine industry. However, champagne market still success, both in import and export markets. This success can be believed that champagne producers satisfying international customer demand (Lockshin, L 2002). Meanwhile, the international consumption has decline in the traditional wine producing areas of Europe. Champagne producers have a clear growth strategies and a collaborative approach. They should attach importance to the needs of customers and competitors. They strive on customer needs or tastes and competitors to seek a balance between the marketing concepts, known as marketing orientation. Champagne producers use marketing orientation for their main selling policy. So the key success factors for their enterprise because they understood market demand and help ful to customers. Customers have been considered to be the primary focus of a marketing orientation (Payne, A 1988). Satisfying customer should be the primary task of any business (Levitt, H 1960). Champagne producers investigate and study the market potential demand for. Ideally, they understand both of the customer and market needs, competitors information, the current wine market trends. There are some benefits of marketing orientation can be shown through the Champagne market. Champagne producers have the opportunity to understand the current market demand and customer requirements. They are allowed timely to develop and improve new technology and machinery. So the effect of marketing orientation on producing products is increasing effectiveness and efficiency. The main benefit of this approach not only satisfying consumer needs and tastes but also Champagne producers. Businesses want to make maximize profits from sale wine. Thus, an increasing profits through the increasing customer satisfaction. So profits will increase by consumption increase. So the Champagne producers seem to be absolutely succeeded. If one company insisted on using this strategic approach, his products are likely to survive longer in Champagne market. Why many wine industries props up enterprises have no market focus? Most of wine industries are family enterprises. They improve producing efficiency and quality of production and then reduce cost of materials, this marketing concept known as production orientation. Wine producers do not care about customer or society needs, the production based solely on production plans without consider the possibility to sell them. They have produced wine for more than hundred years. They wont change technology or selling policy. And they dont research customer tastes and market demand. In a sellers market conditions, producers need not worry about wine sales do not sell out. Production orientation is an old kind of business philosophy. Because of this, wine industry began to decline. But champagne market is booming. Therefore, enterprise managers start to recognize that in such a market context, how to adapt to consumer needs and how to achieve customer satisfaction is the most effective planning foundation. It can be believed have very good far-reaching effects to a business (Heiens, R 2000). There are also some downsides of production orientation are shown through wine industries. Production orientation concept is a basic operating guideline in the early development of commodity economy. During this period, most of the wine industries lacks of productivity. So the deflation occurred in the markets, industry cannot produce enough wines. Supply of goods is less than consumer requirements. Customers can only passively accept the goods on the market, thus forming a sellers market. Customers will change their behaviour all the time. Thus, these wines may do not meet the customer tastes. They dont understand customer The foregoing example suggests that there are many differences between marketing orientation and production orientation. Production orientation is a typical feature of a planned economy. Business producing products based on production plans without regard the possibility to sell them, the product improvements or return of profits. Marketing orientation is based on customers demand and produce marketable products for the purpose of profit. Marketing orientation makes the products are improved constantly in order to meet the market demand. Firstly, difference between their cores. In production orientation, wine industries sale wine what are they produced. Businesses may not do any survey to research customer tastes and demand. They used traditionally technology and grapes to product wines in many years. Wine producers never care about sales rate and profits. They believed that customers loyalty to the brands. But in marketing orientation, champagne producers produce products what they will sale. Business managers will make an investigation on customer demand and focus on consumer tastes. They product champagne what are consumers demand. Therefore, champagne producers will obtain the maximum profit. Secondly, difference between their selling means. In production orientation, wine producers may use sales promotion and strong merchandising so as to increase profits. During the period of selling a new product, business put the new characteristics of the product on TV ads. The purpose is to allow more consumers know information of new products. In marketing orientation, champagne producers use a marketing concept Marketing Mix. Marketing mix means that a company selected the target markets with an integrated consideration of environmental, capacity and competition (Neil, H 1984). Using all of the factors to be the best combination and use to complete the business purpose and mission (Neil, H 1984). Marketing mix can be considered as an important component of marketing strategy. Thirdly, differences between them use marketing strategy to promote the products. In production orientation, wine producers do not actively investigate customer preferences and needs. They use the wines tastes or wine of a good year to attract customers. In marketing orientation, champagne producers spend a long time doing researches and find customer demand. They meet customer value. Customer value refers that suppliers bring benefits to their customers. Companies will produce what is consumer really needs. Champagne markets can still booming because they satisfied buyers. Finally, their ultimate goals were different. In production orientation, company gain profits through selling products. They only focus on improving quality of commodities and services and reducing production costs, whatever can they sale out. In marketing orientation, company satisfy customer needs in order to gain profit. They will produce the popular products which are the customer really want to buy, even though some commodities may too expensive. In conclusion, wine production is an interaction of the producers purposes. Their market focus, their marketing background, and the changes in the industry generally. Additionally, market strategies depend on how the owner views him/herself.

Internet and Online Communities Essay -- Internet Cyberspace Chat Blog

Internet and Online Communities The internet was designed initially by the department of defense for their own purposes. But now it has evolved into a complex network not limited to some specific area or region but extending over every part of earth. The Internet now is a form of communication to us. It has become not only a source of information and technology, but it also now houses other different kinds of things. e.g. communities(something we are going to discuss in this paper), educational institutions, online classes etc. In this paper we will look at different aspects of this technology (internet) and analyze some of its impact on our society. In particular we shall see how media interprets the internet and its services. We will compare the article by Howard Rheingold The Heart of the Well to Ourtown.net by Jill Harrington, an article appearing in the Access section of Daily News about online communities. Howard Rheingold in The Heart of the Well and Jill Herrington in Ourtown.net both agree that online comm unities have become an essential part of our lives today. The article called The Heart of the Well by Rheingold talks about the WELL (Whole Earth Lectronic Link) an online community started in California. In the article he talks about the Well being a center of all kinds of people: parents, professionals, doctors, nurses and others. In the article the author cites a particularly interesting line from Ray Oldenburgs work The Great Good Place. In it Oldenburg affirms that there are three essential places in our lives: the place we live, the place we work and the place we gather for conviviality. Rheingold in his article argues that internet and online communities have become not only a kind of convivial place wher... ...h is revolutionizing our lives and may prove to be even more successful and efficient for us in the future. Internet is basically a tool in our society. Internet supplies us with a vast number of facilities like online communities and a whole lot of other things. Most of us use internet for one reason or another. For example, I as a student use internet to find information on various kinds of topics ranging from Hitler to NASA. By the same token internet can be useful to virtually everyone in our society. Thus, internet is increasingly becoming part of our lives and it has certainly becoming one of the places where can hang around for conviviality. Works Cited Rheingold, Howard. The Heart of the WELL. Composing Cyberspace. Ed. Richard Holeton. San Francisco: McGraw Hill, 1998, 171-180. Harrington, Jill. Ourtown.net. Access Daily News 25 Feb. 2001: 8-10

Commercial item transport and distribution Essay

There has been a gradual change in the mode of packaging for last years.For instance, earlier fruits and vegetables were used to be transported in wooden boxes but today cardboard crates are used .This is mainly to reduce the cost. Obviously,a cardboard crate would cost less than wooden crate. Moreover,using cardboard crates is more eco friendly than cutting trees and making wooden boxes and supporting an environmental cause helps firms improve their goodwill and eventually their sales. Similarly,selling of milk,first in glass bottles,then in packets, then tetra packs and vending machines is all to reduce costs or improve their goodwill by innovating the mode of packaging. Tetra pack keeps the milk safe for months and is made of paper and can be recycled. Plastic packets incur lesser costs and vending machines in itself have no packaging cost. So,companies use new and unique mode of packaging to ,one,reduce their costs,two,to promote the product. Packaging refers to the container or wrapper that holds a product or group of products. Most commercial packaging serves two basic functions: protecting the product from damage during shipping, and promoting the product to the ultimate consumer. Some common types of packaging include shipping cartons, containers for industrial goods, and bags, boxes, cans, and other holders for consumer products. Packaging is of great importance to both sellers and buyers of products. It can prevent spoiling, breakage, tampering, or theft; enhance convenience in use or storage; and make products easier to identify. A significant improvement in packaging can even create a â€Å"new† product by expanding the ways in which it can be used, and thus its potential markets. For example, a soup that is packaged in a microwavable bowl might suddenly increase its sales to working people. Prior to World War II, packaging was used primarily to surround and protect products during storage, transportation, and distribution. Some packages were designed with aesthetic appeal and even for ease-of-use by the end consumer, but package design was typically left to technicians. After World War II, however, companies became more interested in marketing and promotion as a means of enticing customers to purchase their products. As a result, more manufacturers began to view packaging as an integral element of overall business marketing strategies to lure buyers. This increased attention to packaging coincided with socioeconomic changes taking place around the world. As consumers became better educated and more affluent, their expectations of products—and their reliance on them—increased as well. Consequently, consumers began to rely much more heavily on manufactured goods and processed food items. New technologies related to production, distribution, and preservatives led to a massive proliferation in the number and type of products and brands available in industrialized nations. Thus, packaging became a vital means of differentiating items and informing inundated consumers. The importance of consumer packaging was elevated in the United States during the late 1970s and 1980s. Rapid post-war economic expansion and market growth waned during that period, forcing companies to focus increasingly on luring consumers to their product or brand at the expense of the competition. Package design became a marketing science. And, as a new corporate cost-consciousness developed in response to increased competition, companies began to alter packaging techniques as a way to cut production, storage, and distribution expenses. Furthermore, marketers began to view packaging as a tool to exploit existing product lines by adding new items and to pump new life into maturing products. Today, good package design is regarded as an essential part of successful business practice. Since many potential customers first notice a new product after it has arrived on the shelves of a store, it is vital that the packaging provide consumers with the information they need and motivate them to make a purchase. But packaging decisions involve a number of tradeoffs. While making a product visible and distinctive may be the top priority, for example, businesses must also comply with a variety of laws regarding product labeling and safety. Protecting products during transport is important, but businesses also need to keep their shipping costs as low as possible. study mode material : Disadvantages of wooden crates- Deterioration * After wooden pallets are used several times, the wood begins to wear. It splinters, cracks and even breaks under the pressure of continued use. The deterioration is natural and occurs eventually, even if the wood is treated to repel moisture and to strengthen it. This disadvantage leads to replacement much sooner than with plastic pallets. Infestation * Wooden pallets are more susceptible to infestation by termites, ants and other insects that make their home inside the wood. Pallets stored outdoors are more likely to succumb to infestation than the ones kept within a warehouse. The insects burrow into the wood, eating away at it and thus weakening what should be a support structure.. Cleanliness * In addition to germs, wooden pallets are collectors of dirt and debris. Cleaning them becomes more and more difficult over time as the pallets age. They must be heat-treated to get rid of the contamination and washed to be rid of dirt and debris. However, the heat accelerates deterioration, and the water, if improperly dried, can feed mold spores that thrive on wood and harm the vegetables and fruits inside it. Advantages of cardboard crates- Protects Items * As packaging, cardboard protects vegetables being shipped or moved. Corrugated cardboard often has multiple pieces of cardboard placed on top of each other to cushion soft vegetables. Cheap Material * Cardboard is cheap to produce, and is usually made from recycled materials and doesn’t cost much money if purchased wholesale. Other packaging materials are made from plastic, wood or metal, all expensive materials that are often heavier then cardboard, which adds†¦ [continues] Read full essay

Benefit and Disadvantagers of Internet

bachelor of education (teaching of english as a second language) oumh (1303)  learning skill for open distance learners  the benefits of internet to student and the detrimental effects of the internet on students prepared by: muhammad afeeq bin abd latif matric number: 921125065059001 i/c number: 921125-06-5059 telephone number: 013-9664922 e-mail address: [email  protected] com tutor name: mr. ahmad izanee bin awang  learning centre:kuantan  Table of content Introduction1 The benefits of internet to student A tool to gain information2 Communication3 Online service3 Entertainment4 The detrimental effects of the Internet on students Web addiction5 Pornography6 Reduced physical activity7 Cyber crime8 suggestion9 reference 11 Introduction Nowadays, internet has become something very important to a student. For them, it can enormously help their studies. According to Allen B. Ury (2011), for doing high school or college research, Internet is an essential tool.We can find valuab le material on practically any subject within minutes if not seconds by skillfully using Internet search engines and subject directories. By knowing how to effectively search for and cite reputable Web sites can be an essential part of their academic success for those students who taking courses online. As mentioned by Rahul Pandita (2011), Internet has proved to be one of the most innovative inventions for us. It has made its presence felt in every sphere of our life, be it economy, society, health care, spirituality, etc.Prominent among its benefits is the impact it has had on the education sector. Rahul Pandita (2011) also said that students can now gain access to innumerable research papers, apart from getting latest updates in the field of science, technology and almost everything in conjuction of education. But as they say, â€Å"With great power comes great responsibility†, Internet has created new challenges for the society and most threatening among these is the impa ct it has had on student and children. Young people love to use computers rather than read a book.Web pages  are much more up-to-date than old text books that were previously used for studying, so not only is the information accurate, but it is also designed to engage  students  in a way that they find entertaining. The Internet also allows  students  to research and learn about topics that would previously be unknown to them due to lack of resources. Some schools do not  provide  every single book on a specific subject, but with the Internet, the learning possibilities are limitless, everything is just in their finger tips.The purpose of this task is to discuss about â€Å"The benefits and detrimental effects of Internet on students†. The benefits of internet to student There a few of benefits of internet toward the student : i. A tool to gain information. These days, student’s life without internet is very difficult. They do a lot of work by using the i nternet especially in searching for information. This is because, gaining information from internet is much more easier than those old books, it can shorten our time. Get online information is the freest way in the world.Nowadays, people need to understand more and more. They want to know the newest news. According to Jayashree Parhare (2011), any kind of information is available on the internet as long as on it is any topic under the sun is. It can be done by using the search engines such as Google, Yahoo are at your service on the internet. There is huge amount of information available on the Internet for just about every subject known to man, ranging from government law and services, trade fair and conference, market information, new ideas and technical support, the list is simply endless.According to Ashwini Ambekar (2008), students can use this wealth of information to learn new things about the subjects they are interested in and for their school projects or research and it is particularly relevant. In addition, this internet is a blessing for many schools and universities that are now able to accede projects and work to the students and follow their progress which is can be easily posted on the school or university websites So, since internet provides almost everything, students can use it to help them or to make their work easier on doing research or looking for any information. i. Communication. Communication is very important to a student, and internet one of the way that make student’s communication easier and faster. As a student, they need to see their lecturers, send or submit their task and assignment by hand, call someone by using cellphone which is wasting their money, time and energy. With internet has opened up new avenues for communication, according to Ashwini Ambekar (2008), email facility let people to communicate with somebody with minimum wastage of time.As Matt Remley (2010) said in his article, It is now possible to send an in stant message and also voice messaging to any part of the world through a simple email address and the message is delivered in a matter of seconds. According to Stephen Cook (2008), by using the Internet, there are many type of ways that people can get connected with one another. For examples, email, chat, forums, social networking sites, and real-time  video chat websites. Stephen Cook (2008) also mentioned that the Internet is truly spectacular in how it allows us to get in touch with one another which is you can easily talk to anybody on the other side of the world.With this kind of facilities, students will have more time to do other works rather than finish their time on something that can waste their time. iii. Online services. Online service is one of the greatest benefit of internet towards the student. It can make student’s life easier. There are many types of online services, for example online shopping, online banking and others. Online banking is very useful, ac cording to Edward James (2010), you can access your account within 5 minutes, make a payment, request a cheque book.It is not only for those who doing businesses only, but also to anybody who has an account saving. Furthermore, we can set up direct debits and standing orders, cancel direct debits and standing orders, view historic statements. The list is endless. The best part of it is according to Cody Hodge (2010), when you do your banking online, you are going to skip the drive and just get a phone call after submitting a query to the bank. What sounds easier to you is we don’t have to wasting our lunch hour to go to the bank.Next, according to Ram Gupta (2012) in his article, when online shopping was introduced, shoppers feel that involving themselves in it is a risky affair and uncomfortable to reveal their personal information such as credit cards details. But today, things have change and shoppers became confident to use it and get anything under the sun after realize the benefit of it especially to students. There are a few advantages of online shopping according to Mansi Chitranshi  (2009), online services give you variety of choice and also offers us an extensive range of selection.Not only that, but it also available for 24 hours a day which lets you shop anytime, this is very meaningful to student since time is very precious to them. Last but not lease, Mansi Chitranshi (2009) also said that you can find radically lower prices and cheapest deals with online purchasing. iv. Entertainment According to Kaiz Karen (2009), on internet we can search all types of entertainment from watching films to playing games online. Almost anyone can find the right kind of entertainment for themselves according to their taste. When people surf the internet, there are numerous things that can be found on it.Start from music, hobbies, news and more can be found and shared on the Internet. The best part of it which is love by the students is there are numerous games that can be downloaded from the Internet for free without any charge at any time. As Vibhuti Arora (2006) said we can read those funny e-mails from friends or that have been provided by the internet. Not only that, but you can make all your friends around the world laugh. Even if you are not good at cracking jokes, you can simply download them from the internet and forward them to your friends.This kind of entertainment is important to a student. The detrimental effects of the Internet on students i. Web Addiction. Many students find that internet help them a lot in conjunction of helping them to make their learning easier or use it as a tool to find some information. But without noticing, they are actually wasting their time. According to Joanna, Melinda smith and Lawrence Robinson (2012) in their article, people who in unpleasant feelings such as stress, loneliness, depression, and anxiety, they will turn to the internet just to make them feel better.Joanna, et al. 2012) als o stated that the Internet can be an easily accessible outlet when you have a bad day and or to quickly relieve stress or self-soothe or are looking for a way to escape your problems. Losing yourself online can temporarily make feelings such as loneliness, stress, anxiety, depression, and boredom evaporate into thin air and it will definitely drag your time. Lately, internet has provided many social networks such as Facebook, Myspace, Twitter, Blogs and others. This kind of social networks can drag student’s time a lot because when we sign-in into it, they will get stuck on it.According to Jane Demerica (2009), many people that sign up for the internet find themselves spending endless hours chatting, surfing or â€Å"pimping out† their social networks page. This is an unhealthy addiction and you should probably force yourself to get out of the chair and walk away for a few hours. According to Abhijit Naik (2011) in his article about Facebook addiction, facebook provide new friends, games, event plans and many more. While all these activities are enjoyable, you will forget that you have an actual life to live at times you get so used to them.The time you forget about the fact and start spending your precious time on online, then neglecting yourself as well as people around you, and that mean you are now suffering from this addiction disorder without you notice it. Jane Demerica (2009) also said that, This kind of behavior will disorganize student’s life especially on their schedule. This can lead to unhealthy life for example they will late for their meals which is very important to them, they will be fibrous or not-well taken care because they are too busy with the internet.Last but not lease, as mentioned by Deepa Kartha (2010), student are going ignore their study and it can lead to poor performance at university. ii. Pornography. Jayashree Pakhare said in his article that â€Å"pornography is perhaps the biggest disadvantage of interne t. It allows you to access and download millions of pornography photos, videos and other X-rated stuff. Such unrestricted access to porn can be detrimental for children and teenagers. It can even play a havoc in marital and social lives of adults especially to students† (2011).Studies have shown that almost every men and most women have been exposed to pornography as told by Lifesitenew. com (2002). According to Elisbeth Deffner (n. d. ), there were plenty of opportunities for people to view pornographic images or read pornographic material before the Internet became so prevalent which from videos, magazines, and books. But as for now, people can easily access pornographic Web sites in the privacy of their own homes. It’s part of a larger issue called â€Å"sexual addiction,† which is â€Å"any kind of sexual behavior that a person continues to engage in despite negative consequences† says Dr.Omar Minwalla, the clinical supervisor at the Sexual Recovery In stitute in Los Angeles. Pornography is like drugs, once we get use to it, we will definitely get addicted by it and for sure will give many disadvantages toward the students. According to Joanna, et al. (2012), students can adversely affect real-life relationships, career, and emotional health by compulsively spending hours on the Internet viewing pornography or engaging in other cybersex activities. It could increase the percentage of misbehavior and these leads to adultery, free sex, and even worst child abandonment.As mention by Rahul Pandita (2011), it can cause them to became either sexually-deviant or sexually-addictive, these phenomenon also course the increase of prevalence sexually transmitted diseases among teenagers especially to a student. He also mentioned that the pornography that is present on the Internet promotes irresponsible sex and creates false notions in the minds of students. According to Stephen Rampur (n. d. ), Individuals who are addicted to this type are m ostly teenagers and youngsters. It can have an adverse effect on a child's attitude towards relationships.People who are addicted to online pornography spend hours watching or downloading porn. iii. Reduced Physical Activity According to Rahul Pandita (2011), since internet provides a lot of games and available to play, it has made most student to shut all outdoor activity. If students are lack of physical activity, they can easily fall prey to a lot of lifestyle related diseases for example obesity, apart from failing to develop interpersonal skills. Rahul Pandita (2011) also mentioned that by sitting continuously in front of a computer screen fot couple of hours can seriously and put a strain on our neck and shoulders and damage our eyes.These factors can create life-long problems for them. As Leena Palande (2011) said, when students are busy with the internet, they will definitely lack of exercise and it is the main morbid obesity causes. student spend most of their time in front of the the computer playing video games or computer games and chat day and night, surfing on the Internet which can lead to possibility of gaining weight. Leena Palande (2011) also mentioned, not only student, Even adults also have to spend most of their time in front of a computer, since computers have become an invariable part of every profession, business, organization and education.Use of machines in every field has reduced physical activity significantly. According to Vinci rufus (n. d. ), students are tent to spend a couple of hours in front of the monitor non-stop and not going out could also cause social problems, the most bad part of it,it will make us shy and introvert. Those who stuck to their machines all day aren't getting any exercise. As such their bodies start to be fail, especially when they opt for quick-fix meals that aren't terribly nutritious. This extends to personal hygiene, as well, as we tend not to notice our own stink, said by Matt Bird (2009). v. Cyber-c rime Cyber or internet crime can affect students’ life. There has never been a set in stone definition of cybercrime. According to Charlotte Raynor Piiggush (2008), the easiest way to difine cybercrime is any illegal activity done through or by using the internet or on the computer. Uttara Manohar (2011) also defined in his article that internet crime is a recently escalating form of crime that started with the rise of the Internet era. Any criminal activities, which is carried out through the Internet or by means of the Internet, is generally termed as Internet crime.According to Uttara Manohar (2011), there are a few types of internet crime. Here is the example of the criminal activity that indirectly can make students life chaotic. First is hacking, hacking is a process where someone attempts to exploit the security settings of a computer system is known as hacking. The hackers can hack into several websites or personal accounts and threaten the security on the Internet. E very day, students are expose to it, email to a student is a must. Sometimes, by using email is one of the way of hacking. According to M. J.Joachim (2010), Hackers use email addresses to change computer codes, often sending out messages with attachments that read and detect personal information, this always happen to students when are transferring things like bank account numbers, passwords and all sorts of personal information that they use for their own purposes. It is not uncommon for hackers to change passwords of their victim’s private Internet accountssuch as facebook account, email and others, making it impossible for victims to access their own information, simply by obtaining an email address from their prey.Another cyber crime is viruses. As mentioned by Shashank Nakate (2012), These are computer programs which have the potential to harm and give damage to a computer system. According to M. J. Joachim (2010) also said viruses cause millions of dollars in damage, lo st data and computer contamination each year. A simple email address is all it takes for savvy cyber criminals to implant dangerous viruses and spread them throughout the Internet. Suggestion Eventhough internet gives us a lot of pleasure and make our life easier, but there will always the side effect of it.If we did not monitor it properly and carefully, it will definitely make us suffer one day and then give damages to our life especially to a student. Since students is one of the biggest user of internet, they are the person who easily receive the impact. Thus, it is very important to them to know how to cope and avoid these problem. Here is some suggestion on how to combat it. i. Internet addiction One of the biggest problem of internet is web addiction. Internet can drag our time unnoticeable.As mentioned by Elizabeth Hartney (2011), one of the way is by knowing the symptoms of Internet addiction. Knowledge is the greatest thing, and knowing all the symptoms of internet addicti on will make you to evaluate your own online behavior and be aware of any symptoms that might be dragging your time. Elizabeth Hartney (2011) also emphasize to monitor your own internet usage and behavior. keep track of your internet behavior with my internet tracking form. Use the guidelines that come with it to evaluate your own internet behavior, not what you see or believe other students are doing.Drea Christopher (2010) propose to learn to limit your time carefully by keeping a timer by the computer and only allow yourself a limited amount of hours to spend on the Internet each day or week. ii. Pornography Since porn becoming more easily available through the Internet, some people may struggle with an addiction to it. So, it is very important to student to avoid it because if they continue with it, it will ruin their physical and also health. According to Katy Linsao, et al (2012) there are a few step on how to avoid it. First, make sure that you know that you are an addict.The n, find something else to do to occupy your time and mind, it is because you will not think about porn. You can manage it by going somewhere or spend time with friends. Katy et. Al. (2012) also mentioned, the best part of it is by find a support group or get qualified therapist who can provide guidance. According to Abdul Malik (2011), make sure that you are surfing web when others are around. iii. Reduced Physical Activity Since students relay so much on internet, they are tent to spend a lot of time with. Without noticing that they are actually wasting their time.But, the bad part of it is it can affect student physical problems or health. So it is very important to them to avoid it so because prevent is better that cure. There are many ways to overcome it. First, get yourself busy with other activties rather than finish your time on the internet, such as going for a movie with your friend, sports and others. Socializing is very important. The most important of it is, get some exe rcise to make yourself fit or get sweet. You also can have a hobby such as playing football, badminton, swimming and others.With it, it will divert your attraction from internet. Because if we spend continuously on the internet, we might get obesity. iv. Cyber crime Many students involve in internet crime and it affect them very much. They can take measures to decrease their risk of becoming the victim of cybercrime by adhering to a few simple Internet usage ways of rules. First, you must always remember to log off and shut down your computers when they are not being used. Cyber criminals often scan networks searching for â€Å"always on† computers, which they consider readily accessible and unattended targets.By minimizing the amount of time computers are powered on and connected to the Internet, people can reduce their vulnerability to hacking attacks. (Scot Huntsberry 2012) Next, Scot Huntsberry (2012) mentioned that users have to install and maintain both antivirus and fi rewall programs. These applications serve as a first line of defence against viruses and other malicious computer programs designed to circumvent security features within computers’ operating systems.Additionally, operating system developers regularly release updates or â€Å"patches. To increase your computer’s security, you should install these updates as soon as they become available in order to avoid cyber crime. users should never open or download email attachments from unknown senders because cyber criminals frequently disguise malicious software as images or documents attached to email messages. ( 3327 words )Reference 1. Abhijit Naik, (2011). Facebook Addiction. [Online]. Available: http://www. buzzle. com/articles/facebook-addiction. html 2. Abdul Malik Mujahid (2011). 29 Tips for teen on how to handle Pornography. [Online]. Available: http://www. oundvision. com/info/life/porn/15tips. asp 3. Allen B. Ury, (2009). How To Do Research On The Internet. [Online]. Available: http://news. everestonline. edu/post/2009/07/research-on-the-internet 4. Ashwini Ambekar, (2008). Advantages and Disadvantages of the Internet. [Online]. Available: http://www. articleswave. com/computer-articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-the-internet. html 5. Charlotte Raynor Piiggush, (2008). What is cyber crime. [Online]. Available: http://www. helium. com/items/1179046-cybercrime-internet-internet-crime-computer-crime-computer 6. Cody Hodge, (2010).Advantages Of internet Banking. [Online]. Available: http://www. helium. com/items/1926616-advantages-of-internet-banking 7. Deepa Kartha, (2010). Computer Addiction. [Online]. Available: http://www. buzzle. com/articles/computer-addiction. html 8. Edward James, (2010). The Advantages Of The Internet. [Online]. Available: http://www. helium. com/items/1860355-the-advantages-of-the-internet 9. Kaiz Kairen, (2009). 10 Most Comman Uses Of Internet. [Online]. Available: http://www. sooperarticles. com/internet-articles/1 0-most-common-uses-internet-19405. html 10. Jayashree pakhare, (2011).Advantages and Disadvantages of the Internet. [Online]. Available: http://www. buzzle. com/articles/advantages-disadvantages-internet. html 11. Jane Demerica, (2009). Negative Effects of the Internet. [Online]. Available: http://www. helium. com/items/1357121-negative-effects-of-the-internet 12. Joanna Saisan, et al. (2012). Internet and Computer Addiction. [Online]. Available: http://www. helpguide. org/mental/internet_cybersex_addiction. htm 13. Katy Linsao et. Al. (2012). How to deal with porn addiction. [Online]. Available: http://www. wikihow. com/Deal-With-Porn-Addiction 14. Leena Palande, (2011).Morbid Obesity Causes. [Online]. Available: http://www. buzzle. com/articles/morbid-obesity-causes. html 15. Elisabeth Deffner (n. d. ). The Pornography Problem. [Online]. Available: http://www. listenmagazine. org/article/37/archive/the-pornography-problem 16. Lifesitenews. com, (2002). Study Proves â€Å"Pornogra phy Is Harmful†. [Online]. Available: http://www. lifesitenews. com/news/archive//ldn/2002/mar/02031203 17. Matt Bird, (2009). Negative effect of the Internet. [Online]. Available: http://www. helium. com/items/1494952-negative-effects-of-the-internet 18. Mansi Chitranshi, (2009).Benefits of Shopping Online. [Online]. Available: http://www. articleswave. com/shopping-articles/benefits-of-shopping-online. html 19. Matt Remley, (2010). The Advantages Of The Internet. [Online]. Available: http://www. helium. com/items/1938399-advantages-of-the-internet 20. M. J. Joanchim, (2010). Internet email crime and security information. [Online]. Available: http://www. helium. com/items/1952123-cyberstalking-email-crime-internet-crime-fraud-identity-theft-internet-crime-prevention 21. Rahul Pandita, (2011). Negative Effects of Internet on Children. [Online]. Available: http://www. buzzle. om/articles/negative-effects-of-the-internet-on-children. html 22. Ram Gupta, (2012). Real Benefits Of Online Shopping. [Online]. Available: http://article-niche. com/launch/Real-Benefits-Of-Online-Shopping. htm 23. Scot Huntsberry, (2012). Avoid Becoming a Victim of Cybercrime. [Online]. Available: http://www. freedomfromfearmagazine. org/index. php? option=com_content;view=article;id=310:avoid-becoming-a-victim-of-cybercrime;catid=50:issue-7;Itemid=187 24. Stephen Cook, (2010). The Advantages Of The Internet. [Online]. Available: http://www. helium. com/items/1941715-the-advantages-of-the-internet 5. Shashank Nakate, (2012). Advantages and Disadvantages of email. [Online]. Available: http://www. buzzle. com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-email. html 26. Uttara Manohar, (2011). Internet Crime. [Online]. Available: http://www. buzzle. com/articles/internet-crime. html 27. Vinci Rufus, (n. d. ). Computer And Video Games: The Pros and Cons. [Online]. Available: http://www. buzzle. com/editorials/2-27-2004-51038. asp 28. Vibhuti Arora (2006). 10 Good things about the internet. [Online]. Available: http://gulfnews. com/life-style/people/10-good-things-about-the-internet-1. 24548 . .

25 French Food-related Terms in English

25 French Food-related Terms in English 25 French Food-related Terms in English 25 French Food-related Terms in English By Maeve Maddox Note: The pronunciation of these terms varies according to how familiar the speaker is with French. Usually, getting close is good enough. I’ve included pronunciation for six terms that may be especially tricky for some English speakers. 1. la carte Food items that can be ordered individually and not as part of a set meal are ordered la carte. The French word carte means card or menu. For example, a true la carte menu would list each item separately, with individual prices: chicken legs, $4; broccoli, $2; rice, $1.50, and so on. 2. la mode This French expression means â€Å"according to the fashion† and can be applied to clothing, furniture, dances, or anything that goes in and out of style. In US usage, the term is applied as a post-modifier to desserts. It usually means â€Å"with ice cream,† as in â€Å"pie la mode.† 3. apà ©ritif An apà ©ritif is an alcoholic drink, taken before a meal to stimulate the appetite. 4. au jus    Chiefly US, au jus is used as a post-modifier to indicate that a dish, usually meat, has been prepared or served in a gravy containing its own juices. 5. au gratin A dish prepared au gratin has been sprinkled with breadcrumbs or grated cheese browned in the oven or under the grill. The French verb gratiner means â€Å"to brown.† 6. baguette A long, thin loaf of French bread. 7. bon appà ©tit A salutation before eating. 8. cafà © au lait [ka-fay oh lay] Coffee taken with milk. 9. cordon bleu    Literally, â€Å"blue ribbon,† the expression reflects the sense of â€Å"first class.† In culinary usage, â€Å"a cordon blue† is â€Å"a first-class cook.† 10. crà ¨me brà »là ©e A cream topped with caramelized sugar, served as dessert. 11. cuisine The ordinary word for kitchen in French, cuisine is also used to describe a manner or style of food preparation. 12. en brochette A brochette is a skewer. En brochette  refers to food cooked, and sometimes served, on  brochettes, or skewers, like shish kebab. Food served  en brochette  is generally grilled.   13. maà ®tre dhà ´tel  Ã‚   Maà ®tre is French for master. The maà ®tre d’hà ´tel is the host or manager of the â€Å"front† of a formal restaurant, the part that serves the customers. British speakers shorten the phrase to maà ®tre, but American speakers refer to this person as the maà ®tre d. The responsibilities of a maà ®tre dhà ´tel  generally include supervising the wait staff,  taking reservations, and welcoming guests. 14. omelette  (US omelet) A dish traditionally made of beaten eggs fried in a pan and folded over. Sometimes other ingredients are added to the egg mixture. 15. petit four A small fancy cake, biscuit, or sweet, usually served with coffee after a meal. The literal meaning is â€Å"little oven.† 16. plat du jour Literally, â€Å"plate of the day, the plat du jour is a dish prepared in addition to the usual menu, available only on that day. 17. pot-au-feu The literal meaning is â€Å"pot on the fire.† It can refer to a large traditional French cooking pot or to something cooked in one, usually a thick soup of meat and vegetables. 18. prix fixe [pree-feex] A prix fixe meal typically includes several courses, but, unlike la carte pricing, prix fixe indicates that all the courses are included under one â€Å"fixed price 19. roux   [roo] A mixture of fat and flour heated together and used in making sauces and soups. In the United States, a spicy roux is a staple of Cajun cooking in New Orleans. 20. sautà ©    The French verb sauter means â€Å"to jump.† Vegetables that are sautà ©ed are fried in a pan with a little butter over a high heat, while being tossed from time to time. 21. sommelier [so-mel-yay] A sommelier is a wine waiter or wine steward. 22. soupà §on   [soup-sohn] Soupà §on is French for suspicion. In cooking, a soupà §on is a very small quantity or slight trace of something, â€Å"a pinch.† 23. soupe du jour Like the plat du jour, the soupe du jour (â€Å"soup of the day†) is the advertised specialty on a given day. 24. vinaigrette A vinaigrette is a dressing of oil and wine vinegar, sometimes with herbs used with salads and cold vegetables 25. pià ¨ce de rà ©sistance [pee-es duh ray-seez-tahnce] In general usage, the phrase may refer to the prize item in a collection. For example, â€Å"The museum’s pià ¨ce de rà ©sistance is an exact reproduction of an American eighteenth century carpenter’s tiger maple chest.† In reference to food, the pià ¨ce de rà ©sistance is the main or most difficult-to-resist part of a meal. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Structure A Story: The Eight-Point ArcRound vs. AroundHow to Treat Names of Groups and Organizations

buy custom Fascinating Argumentative Essay Sample on Higher Education

buy custom Fascinating Argumentative Essay Sample on Higher Education Argumentative Essay Sample on Higher Education by Tom Nixon Introduction The main purpose of the paper is to study and analyze the article Higher Education Is Now Ground Zero for Disruption by Tom Nixon, the contributor of the Forbes magazine that is devoted to the problem of higher education cost and quality within the contemporary American education system (Nixon, 2014). The author claims that the contemporary higher education in the United Stets is of the poor quality, high costs, and does not guarantee the future success of the graduated specialists. At the same time, he underlines the rapid growth of the popularity of on-line education that can be the effective solution to the enlarging problem that exists within the society. On the other hand, despite the facts that are presented to the readers within the article, it is essential to mention that there is a series of arguments opposing to that of the author. Although Nixon makes a good point about the weak sides of the higher education within the country, he ignores the fact that this system is suppo rted by the years of successful work and the generations of graduated professionals, while the on-line education has not proved its efficiency and high quality.

Bipolar Disorder Essay Research Paper Bipolar DisorderThe

Bipolar Disorder Essay, Research Paper Bipolar Disorder The phenomenon of bipolar affectional upset has been a enigma since the sixteenth century. Bipolar upset or as the surrogate names, frenzied depressive unwellness or affectional bipolar upset can be classified as a temper upset characterized by temper swings from Manis ( overdone feeing of wellbeing ) to depression. History has shown that this affliction can look in about anyone. Even the great painter Vincent Van Gogh is believed to hold had bipolar upset. It is clear that in our society many people live with bipolar upset ; nevertheless, despite the copiousness of people enduring from the it, we are still waiting for definite accounts for the causes and remedy. The one fact of which we are distressingly cognizant is that bipolar upset badly undermines its? victims ability to obtain and keep societal and occupational success. It is besides believed that the Li degree is what causes these temper swings. Because bipolar upset has such debilitating symptoms, it is imperative that we remain argus-eyed in the pursuit for accounts of its causes and intervention. A smorgasborg of symptoms that can be broken into manic and depressive episodes characterized by affectional upsets. The depressive episodes are characterized by intense feelings of unhappiness and desperation that can go feelings of hopelessness and weakness. Either the manic or the depressive episodes can rule and bring forth few temper swings or the spiels of temper swings my be cyclic. Some of the symptoms of a depressive episode include anhedonia, perturbations in slumber and appetency, psycomoter deceleration, loss of energy, feelings of ineptitude, guilt, trouble thought, indecisiveness, and perennial ideas of decease and self-destruction ( Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990 ) . Some of the other symptoms that may happen in the depressive phase can be besides fatigue that can last anyplace from hebdomads to months and a individual may non be cognizant of why this is really go oning. Daytime drowsiness can besides happen doing it difficult for a individual with this unwellness to keep down any kind of a occupation for a length of clip. Unintentional weightloss can do the physician go in a different way in this doing it hard for them in diagnosing because of all the possible symptoms that a individual may exhibit. A individual may besides hold some memory loss episodes or episodes of memory loss, traveling space for a periods of clip. They may non even be cognizant that they have a household to take attention of their occupati ons. The frenzied episodes are characterized by elevated or irratable temper, increased energy, decreased demand for slumber, hapless judgement and penetration, and frequently foolhardy or irresponsible behaviour ( Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990 ) . When a individual is in the frenzied statge they may go agitated which makes them more chatty than usual or they feel pressured to maintain speaking, they besides may contorting their custodies or restlessness because they feel unsure of the state of affairs that they are in and seem to hold merely utmost restlessness to them. They might look to hold put on rather a spot of weight and choler highly easy. Their fickle behaviour can do it difficult for their households to be around them. Finally forcing their households aside and the diagnosing is harder to acquire because of the deficiency of support from others and their behaviour is frequently so away. In this phase the sexual activity can be increased dramatically, doing the patient seek other people to be with if they are non fulfilled in their relationship at place. This can take to the break of the household unit. This disease is really serious and can impact anyone. Bipolar upset affects about one per centum of the population ( about three million people ) in the United States. Bipolar Disorder can impact both males and females and involves episodes of passion and depression.. Bipolar upset is diagnosed if an episode of passion occurs whether depression has been diagnosed or non ( Goodwin, Guze, 1989, p 11 ) . Persons with frenzied episodes most normally see a period of depression. The rarest symptoms were periods of loss of all involvement and deceleration or agitation ( Weisman, 1991 ) . As the National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association ( MDMDA ) has demonstrated, bipolar upset can make significant developmental holds, matrimonial and household breaks, occupational reverses, and fiscal catastrophes, loss of occupations and 1000000s of dollars in cost in society.As the patient ages or acquire older they report that the depressions are longer and increase in frequence. Many times bipolar provinces and psychotic provinces are misdiagnos ed as schizophrenic disorder. Particularly if the household history exhibits schizophrenic disorder or some other unwellness. Bipolar is most distinguished with households that have mental unwellness in their background and can happen most frequently in those scenes than in any other, although it can impact anyone. Speech patterns assist separate between the two upsets ( Lish, 1994 ) . The oncoming of Bipolar upset normally occurs between the ages of 20 and 30 old ages of age, with a 2nd extremum in the fortiess for adult females. A typical bipolar patient may see eight to ten episodes in their bipolar Disorder 3 life-time. However, those who have rapid cycling may see more episodes of passion and depression that win each other without a period of remittal ( DSM III-R ) . Rapid cycling agencies that their temper alterations several times a twenty-four hours. The three phases of passion Begin with hypomania, in which patients report that they are energetic, extrospective and self-asserting ( Hirschfeld,1995 ) . The hypomania province has led perceivers to experience that bipolar patients are addicted to their passion. Hypomania progresses into passion and the passage is marked by loss of judgement ( Hirschfeld, 1995 ) .Often, euphoric grandiose features are displayed, and paranoiac or cranky features begin to attest. The 3rd phase of passion is apparent when the patient experiences psychotic beliefs with frequently paranoid subjects. Address is by and large rapid and overactive behaviour manifests sometimes associated with force ( Hirschfeld, 1995 ) . When both manic and depressive symptoms occur at the same clip it is called a assorted episode. Those afflicted are a particular hazard because there is a combination of hopelessness, agitation, and anxiousness that makes them experience like they could leap out of their tegument ( Hirschfeld, 1995 ) . Up to 50 % of all patients with passions have a mixture of down tempers. Patients study experiencing distressed, down, and unhappy ; yet, they exhibit the energy associated with passion. Rapid cycling passion is another presentation of bipolar upset. Mania may be present with four or more distinguishable episodes within a 12 month period. There is now grounds to propose that sometimes rapid cycling may be a transeunt manifestation of the bipolar upset. This signifier of the disease exhibits more episodes of passion and depression than bipolar. Lithium has been the primary intervention of bipolar upset since Bipolar Disorder 4 it s debut in the 1960’s. It is chief map is to stabilise the cycling feature of bipolar upset. In four controlled surveies by F. K. Goodwin and K. R. Jamison, the overall response rate for bipolar topics treated with Lithium was 78 % ( 1990 ) . Lithium is besides the primary drug used for long- term care of bipolar upset. In a bulk of bipolar patients, it lessens the continuance, frequence, and badness of the episodes of both mania and depression. Unfortunately, every bit many as 40 % of bipolar patients are either unresponsive to lithium or can non digest the side effects. Some of the side effects include thirst, weight addition, sickness, diarrhoea, and edema it may besides rise the suicide potency that is present with sustained depression. Patients who are unresponsive to lithium intervention are frequently those who experience distressed passion, assorted provinces, or rapid cycling bipolar upset. One of the jobs associated with Li is the fact the long-run Li intervention ha s been associated with reduced thyroid operation in patients. Preliminary grounds besides suggest that hypothyroidism may really take to rapid-cycling ( Bauer et al. , 1990 ) . Pregnant adult females experience another rporblem associated with the usage of Li. Its usage during gestation has been associated with birth defects, peculiarly Ebstein’s anomalousness. Based on current informations, the hazard of a kid with Ebstein’s anomaly being born to a female parent who took Li during her first trimester of gestation is about 1 in 8,000, or 2.5 times that of the general population ( Jacobson et al. , 1992 ) . There are other effectual interventions for bipolar upset that are used in instances where the patients can non digest Li or have been unresponsive to it in the yesteryear. The American Psychiatric Association # 8217 ; s guidelines suggest the following line of intervention to be Anticonvulsant drugs such as valproate and carbamazepine. These drugs are utile as antimanic agents, particularly in those patients with assorted provinces. Both of these medicines can be used in combination with Li or in combination with each other. Valproate is particularly helpful for patients who are lithium defiant, experience rapid-cycling, or have comorbid intoxicant or drug maltreatment. Major tranquilizers such as Haldol or Thorazine have besides been used to assist stabilise frenzied patients who are extremely agitated or psychotic. Use of these drugs is frequently necessary because the response to them are rapid, but there are hazards involved in their usage. Because of the frequently terrible side effects, Benzodiazepines are frequently used in their topographic point. Benzodiazepines can accomplish the same consequences as Neuroleptics for most patients in footings of rapid control of agitation and exhilaration, without the terrible side effects. Some physicians as intervention for bipolar upset have used antidepressants such as the selective 5-hydroxytryptamine re-uptake inhibitors ( SSRI? s ) fluovamine and Elavil. A double-blind survey by M. Gasperini, F. Gatti, L. Bellini, R.Anniverno, and E. Smeraldi showed that fluvoxamine and Elavil are extremely effectual interventions for bipolar patients sing depressive episodes ( 1992 ) . This survey is controversial nevertheless, because conflicting research shows that SSRI? s and other antidepressants can really precipitate frenzied episodes. Most physicians can see the utility of antidepressants when used in Bipolar Disorder in concurrence with temper stabilising medicines such as Li. In add-on to the mentioned medical interventions of bipolar upset, there are several other options available to bipolar patients, most of which are used in concurrence with medical specialty. One such intervention is light therapy. One survey compared the response to light therapy of bipolar patients with that of unipolar patients. Patients were free of psychotropic and hypnotic medicines for at least one month before intervention. Bipolar patients in this survey showed an norm of 90.3 % betterment in their depressive symptoms, with no incidence of passion or hypomania. They all continued to utilize light therapy, and all showed a sustained positive response at a three month followup ( Hopkins and Gelenberg, 1994 ) . Another survey involved a four hebdomad intervention of bright forenoon visible radiation intervention for patients with seasonal affectional upset and bipolar patients. This survey found a statistically important decrease in depressive symptoms, with the maximal antidepressant consequence of visible radiation non being reached until hebdomad four ( Baur, Kurtz, Rubin, and Markus, 1994 ) . Hypomanic symptoms were experienced by 36 % of bipolar patients in thi s survey. Predominant hypomanic symptoms included rushing ideas, deceased slumber and crossness. Surprisingly, tierce of controls besides developed symptoms such as those mentioned above. Regardless of the account of the outgrowth of hypomanic symptoms in undiagnosed controls, it is apparent from this survey that light intervention may be associated with the ascertained symptoms. Based on the consequences, careful professional monitoring during light intervention is necessary, even for those without a history of major Bipoler Disorder. Another popular intervention for bipolar upset is electro-convulsive daze therapy. ECT is the preferable intervention for badly frenzied pregnant patients and patients who are murderous, psychotic, catatonic, medically compromised, or badly self-destructive. In one survey, research workers found marked betterment in 78 % of patients treated with ECT, compared to 62 % of patients treated merely with Li and 37 % of patients who received neither, ECT or Li ( Black et al. , 1987 ) . A concluding type of therapy is outpatient group psychotherapeutics. Dr. John Graves, interpreter for The National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association has called attending to the value of support groups, and challenged mental wellness professionals to take a more serious expression at group therapy for the bipolar population. Research shows that group engagement may assist increase Li conformity, lessening denial sing the unwellness, and increase consciousness of both external and internal emphasis factors taking to manic and depressive episodes. Group therapy for patients with bipolar upsets responds to the demand for support and support of medicine direction, and the demand for instruction and support for the interpersonal troubles that arise during the class of the upset. The bipolar upset can impact anyone at anytime. It is still ill-defined as to what and why this happens. Some physicians believe that the organic structures? chemical sometimes acquire out of whack and that the intervention of Li every bit good as the other drugs will assist battle the normal degrees in our organic structures. Whether we of all time fins a remedy or truly how this familial and emotional upset does come about, we all can hold that this does happen in households and most of the clip it affects adult females more so than that of the work forces. I think that is because adult females are so emotional to get down with and that AIDSs in the frenzied depression episodes. Hopefully scientist will go on to analyze and dissect this upset that affects so many people.

The capital structure decision and the cost of capital Research Paper - 1

The capital structure decision and the cost of capital - Research Paper Example Answer 1. Referring the balance sheet as on 5/1/2011, Source: http://finance.yahoo.com/q/bs?s=NVDA+Balance+Sheet&annual (In thousands of US dollar) Total liabilities = 1,313,784 Short term liabilities = 942,682Â   Long term liabilities = 23,389 Total Equity = 3,181,462 Market capitalization = 10.92 Billion Hence debt ratio, total liability/ (total liability + total equity) =1,313,784/ (1,313,784+3,181,462) = 29.2% Debt to equity ratio, total liabilities/total equity = 1,313,784/ 3,181,462 = 41.29% Again, debt ratio based on short term liabilities 942,682Â  / 942,682Â  + 3,181,462 = 22.85% Again, debt ratio based on long term liabilities 23,389/ 23,389 + 3,181,462 = 0.72% Debt to equity ratio based on short term liabilities 942,682/ 3,181,462 = 29.6% Debt to equity ratio based on long term liabilities 23,389/ 3,181,462 = 0.735% Answer 2 Debt to equity ratio shows how well creditors are protected. From the calculated ratios, following inferences can be made. Debt/equity ratio based on long term liability is quite low and the company Nvidia is going quite safe so far long term liability is concerned. It can also be gauged from this ratio that the company is quite conservative in exploiting the long term debt for the growth of the company. Debt/equity ratio based on short term liability is within the limits of healthy company. ... ket conditions but as market conditions improve and the company is in a position to enter new growth trajectories, the Nvidia should use more debt to finance its expansion needs instead of equity. That will help company to enhance its equity valuation in the market. Answer 3. Two companies chosen are Intel and AMD, which are also competitors to Nvidia in certain product range. A. Intel Corporation Referring, http://finance.yahoo.com/q/bs?s=INTC+Balance+Sheet&annual (as on 25 Dec, 2010) (All numbers in thousands) Total liabilities = 13,756,000 Short term liabilities = 9,327,000 Long term liabilities = 4,929,000 (calculated by difference from total and short term liabilities) Total Equity = 49,430,000 Market capitalization = 119.30 Billion (as on 5/27/2011) Hence debt ratio, total liability/ (total liability + total equity) = 13,756,000/ (13,756,000+49,430,000) = 21.77% Debt to equity ratio, total liabilities/total equity = 13,756,000/49,430,000 = 27.82% B. AMD Referring, http://financ e.yahoo.com/q/bs?s=AMD+Balance+Sheet&annual (as on 25 Dec, 2010) (All numbers in thousands) Total liabilities = 3,951,000 Short term liabilities = 1,674,000 Long term liabilities = 2,277,000 (calculated by difference from total and short term liabilities) Total Equity = 1,013,000 Market capitalization = 5.83 Billion (as on 5/27/2011) Hence debt ratio, total liability/ (total liability + total equity) = 3,951,000/ (3,951,000+1,013,000) = 79.6% Debt to equity ratio, total liabilities/total equity = 3,951,000/1,013,000 = 390% Summing up, the debt-equity ratio of all the three companies are found to be as per the following. Nvidia – 29.60% Intel – 27.82% AMD – 390% It is seen that debt-equity ratio of Intel and Nvidia are more or less in the same range but AMD is operating on very high

Corporate HR Policy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Corporate HR Policy - Term Paper Example Bobby’s boss was wrong because he did not truly consider Bobby for the promotion. The company’s preference was to fill in positions by externally recruiting. Corporate HR policy of promoting from within can very beneficial for an organization. â€Å"Often internal or current employees can make the best available candidates because they are already familiar with your company and successful within your culture† (Green, 2007). Another benefit of promoting from within is lower recruiting costs since the candidate is chosen from a limited pool of people that already work for the company. Organizations do not have to spend money advertising job openings when internal recruiting is utilized. The use of internal recruitment positively contributes towards the employee retention rate of the company. Employees that work in a culture in which promotion opportunities are readily available are motivated to perform at a superior level. The risk of an outside candidate not fitting in with the corporate culture of a firm is eliminated by promoting your own employees. When a person is promoted from within into a managerial position the employees are more accepting of their new leader. A good HR strategy is to identify employees with potential and place them in a career advancement track. A few ways that the companies can develop the skills and capabilities of the workers is through job rotation, seminars, training, online training, and educational opportunities. Fast Company made a blunder in their cover story criticizing the human resource profession. The advertisement on the cover of the magazine was violent, bloody, and completely tasteless. The images were similar to those you would see in the advertisement of a horror movie. This mistake was made possible due to a lack of internal control to verify the quality of the work of the writers.  

Strategic Management of Health Care Organizations Essay - 2

Strategic Management of Health Care Organizations - Essay Example o not use adaptive strategies to increase profits; they can use them to insure and increase future funding, program effectiveness, and client satisfaction (McNamara, 2007). However, are formal program evaluations necessary in organizations funded by federal and state resources? According to Milstein and Wetterhall (1999), evaluations are â€Å"essential†, despite that fact they are not preformed a regular basis. McNamara (2007) seems to agree with Milstein and Wetterhall and discusses myths of program evaluation and suggests these myths have caused a reduction in program evaluations. The first myth addresses the thought of too much â€Å"useless data† (McNamara, 2007). Often there uncertainties in what program information is necessary for an effective evaluation and useless information is collected (McNamara, 2007). However, during program planning, evaluation methods can be determined to avoid uncertainties and aid in a continual process of program evaluation by using outcome measures. The information gained using outcomes can assist in determining adaptive strategies for the organization (Ginter et al., 2002 and McNamara, 2007). For example, if an organization provides transportation for clients and outcome measures indicate that many clients are not able to use this program due to space limitation, the organization may consider expanding the scope of their transportation program. The second myth is the success and failure of a program (McNamara, 2007). Many individuals look at program evaluation as black and white, either right or wrong. On the contrary, effective program evaluation methods assist in identifying the strengths and weakness of a program. Evaluations can assist the organization in troubleshooting the weaknesses and strengthening the overall program. Using the previous example, the evaluation allowed the organization to see strengths and weakness in the transportation program. The community took advantage of the transportation program (strength)

Analysis of Sony Experia Mobile Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Analysis of Sony Experia Mobile Market - Essay Example 39-48) for promotion and activation of the brand worldwide. It further discusses the market positioning and targeted segments of the market for its launch of S, P, U and Z segments in the smartphone market. It further classifies and explains the impact of aggressive marketing techniques and campaign promotion of the brand itself. The report also highlights the evaluation report on the smartphone itself and its effect on the consumer smartphone market. Company Overview Sony Ericsson (Sony, 2013) has a great impact on the environment and the society with its commitment to innovation and improvement in its smartphones. It tends to follow a holistic approach evaluating three-dimensional approach to sustainability, such as economic, environmental and social aspects, thus enabling the triple line bottom thinking of the company. Sony Ericsson (2013) is the leading international mobile phone manufacturer in the world with wider market that facilitates innovative mobile technology. It attribu tes towards the development and design, manufacturing and economies of sales of electronic devices and equipment. It is also engaged in the production and distribution of motion pictures, home entertainment, recorded music labels and other television and financial products. Its primary manufacturing facility is located in Asia and have broader sales network in approximately 200 countries worldwide (Gow, 2006, pp. 20-28). Its primary market is in Japan, United States and Europe but is also renowned and reached its target market worldwide (Sony, 2013). Sony Experia – Overview Sony Ericsson launched its first handset in 2008 with an expectation to give the market a huge competition and the company would start a flagship line in the industry. It includes Xperia NXT, Xperia S, P and U series (Sony, 2013) that are all targeted towards different concentrated market affordable and reachable to the mass audience. The new range of the Xperia smartphones is sought to capture the major a udience and the league of the smartphones all over the world (Sony, 2013). The smartphones will address to a larger market and will be suitable to customers’ form all walk of life. It also emphasized that each smartphone will have its one distinctive quality and personality that will distinguish it from the crowd (Millett, 2012). The Xperia S will be a high-end smartphone while Xperia P is slightly smaller than S and comes with the White Magic technology that relishes that device can be viewed in the direct sunlight too. It is reachable to the masses at affordable prices. Lastly, Xperia U is the least expensive smartphone in its kind and is not only affordable but user friendly smartphone equipped with the latest technology and apps reachable to low end to high end classes worldwide (Sony, 2013). Market Industry The market is very competitive and volatile (Aaker, 1997, pp. 347-356) with high end to low end players in the smartphone leagues. Its major key players are Blackberr y, HTC, Samsung, and Nokia smartphones. The industry is experiencing continuous growth and expansion with various new competitors in the market explicating more sophisticated devices every day. The smartphone industry is known for its competitive and memorable advertising campaigns and launches. The industry is full of creative minds with competitive marketing campaign pouring in the market that could capture the attention of the customer’

Diversity and Multiculturalism Meaning Assignment

Diversity and Multiculturalism Meaning - Assignment Example sity has been defined â€Å"as acknowledging, understanding, accepting, valuing, and celebrating differences among people with respect to age, class, ethnicity, gender, physical and mental ability, race, sexual orientation, spiritual practice, and public assistance status† (Esty, et al., 1995). Diversity can be defined in many other ways too. Diversity is recognizing and appreciating the various characteristics, some of them have already been mentioned above, that make an individual unique. Diversity helps in promoting individual as well as collective achievement. Diversity believes in providing equal opportunities to all irrespective of race or religion. The concept of diversity is being increasingly used by business managers to deal with the issues that have cropped with the increased presence of minorities and women in the workplace. "Managing diversity† has become a critical part of the management of an organization. Diversity has to be successfully managed or else i t can lead to an increase in employee turnover, absenteeism, disruption in work, harassment and what is more important a low morale. All this in turn will further lead to low productivity. Today it has become necessary to have a diverse workforce as it adds value to an organization. Diversity in a workplace means recognizing and respecting individual differences that may arise in the workplace. This will benefit the organization and lead to more productivity and also give a competitive edge to the organization. Good diversity management means creating a fair environment for the employees. Today many definitions and terms can be used to describe multiculturalism. One definition is that multiculturalism is â€Å"the doctrine that several different cultures (rather than one national culture) can co-exist peacefully and equitably in a single country† and "by making the broadest range of human differences acceptable to the largest number of people, multiculturalism seeks to overcome racism, sexism,

Strategic Management of Health Care Organizations Essay - 2

Strategic Management of Health Care Organizations - Essay Example o not use adaptive strategies to increase profits; they can use them to insure and increase future funding, program effectiveness, and client satisfaction (McNamara, 2007). However, are formal program evaluations necessary in organizations funded by federal and state resources? According to Milstein and Wetterhall (1999), evaluations are â€Å"essential†, despite that fact they are not preformed a regular basis. McNamara (2007) seems to agree with Milstein and Wetterhall and discusses myths of program evaluation and suggests these myths have caused a reduction in program evaluations. The first myth addresses the thought of too much â€Å"useless data† (McNamara, 2007). Often there uncertainties in what program information is necessary for an effective evaluation and useless information is collected (McNamara, 2007). However, during program planning, evaluation methods can be determined to avoid uncertainties and aid in a continual process of program evaluation by using outcome measures. The information gained using outcomes can assist in determining adaptive strategies for the organization (Ginter et al., 2002 and McNamara, 2007). For example, if an organization provides transportation for clients and outcome measures indicate that many clients are not able to use this program due to space limitation, the organization may consider expanding the scope of their transportation program. The second myth is the success and failure of a program (McNamara, 2007). Many individuals look at program evaluation as black and white, either right or wrong. On the contrary, effective program evaluation methods assist in identifying the strengths and weakness of a program. Evaluations can assist the organization in troubleshooting the weaknesses and strengthening the overall program. Using the previous example, the evaluation allowed the organization to see strengths and weakness in the transportation program. The community took advantage of the transportation program (strength)

Diversity and Multiculturalism Meaning Assignment

Diversity and Multiculturalism Meaning - Assignment Example sity has been defined â€Å"as acknowledging, understanding, accepting, valuing, and celebrating differences among people with respect to age, class, ethnicity, gender, physical and mental ability, race, sexual orientation, spiritual practice, and public assistance status† (Esty, et al., 1995). Diversity can be defined in many other ways too. Diversity is recognizing and appreciating the various characteristics, some of them have already been mentioned above, that make an individual unique. Diversity helps in promoting individual as well as collective achievement. Diversity believes in providing equal opportunities to all irrespective of race or religion. The concept of diversity is being increasingly used by business managers to deal with the issues that have cropped with the increased presence of minorities and women in the workplace. "Managing diversity† has become a critical part of the management of an organization. Diversity has to be successfully managed or else i t can lead to an increase in employee turnover, absenteeism, disruption in work, harassment and what is more important a low morale. All this in turn will further lead to low productivity. Today it has become necessary to have a diverse workforce as it adds value to an organization. Diversity in a workplace means recognizing and respecting individual differences that may arise in the workplace. This will benefit the organization and lead to more productivity and also give a competitive edge to the organization. Good diversity management means creating a fair environment for the employees. Today many definitions and terms can be used to describe multiculturalism. One definition is that multiculturalism is â€Å"the doctrine that several different cultures (rather than one national culture) can co-exist peacefully and equitably in a single country† and "by making the broadest range of human differences acceptable to the largest number of people, multiculturalism seeks to overcome racism, sexism,

Arab sheikdoms in the United Arab Emirates Essay Example for Free

Arab sheikdoms in the United Arab Emirates Essay Dubai is one of the seven Arab sheikdoms in the United Arab Emirates (U. A. E. ). Before oil and gas were discovered in 1958, it was among the very poor sheikdoms under British protection and was once called a Trucial State. Today, their sheiks are independent and among the world’s richest men, with a gross annual income of $25. 7 billion. It has vast reserves of oil and natural gas (Ibrahim, 1982). The land is mainly salt mashes, barren desert, and sandy plain. Oases stud the desert areas. To the east, the mountains lie close to the sea. It is also famous as having the highest cost of living in the world – the cheapest apartment rents for $1,000 per month (Peck, 1986). The Emiratians (Dubai people) used to be pirates, fishermen or pearl divers, nomads or oasis farmers. Most are now wage earners or businessmen who feel more conscious of a national identity as a rich and important country. They are famous for two unique sports: (1) camel races, and (2) falconry. Colorful music, dancing and singing also give life to this otherwise dry place. This area of Gulf was notorious for piracy. They preyed on the trade between Europe and China. The British came in 1806 and started to impose oder against the Arab pirates. In 1853, piracy was finally wiped out when the sheiks signed the Perpetual Maritime Truce Agreement with Britain. Thus, the Pirate Coast became the respectable Trucial States (Seale, 1988). Today, Dubai is the largest commercial center and the nerve center for smuggling Western currency, gold, and other goods into the Indian subcontinent, especially Pakistan. Dubai is also the outlet for capital fleeing Afghanistan and Iran. One phenomenon of the oil boom was to fill Dubai’s population (like that of Kuwait and Qatar) mostly with foreigners. The majority of the population or around 50% is Indo-Pakistani outnumber the native Arabs, who populate the land by only 42%. The large foreign population (mostly migrant workers) are lured to Dubai by the high salaries, welfare benefits, and rapid development. To keep discipline, the governing Arab sheiks have emphasized Muslim (Shariah) law, religious education, and the observance of Muslim practices. The Muslim rulers and people are Sunnis, strongly influenced by the strict Wahabi sect of neighboring Saudi Arabia (Peck, 1986). Diplomacy, national security, information, communications, health, education, and the budgets of the three smaller emirates are decided by the federal government. The local sheiks retain control over policy within their emirates. The laws of Dubai (under the United Arab of Emirates) are divided into two main categories: union laws and decrees. A bill drafted by the Council of Ministers for non-binding deliberation by the Federal National Council and then submitted to the president for his assent and the Supreme Council of the Union for ratification becomes a union law when promulgated by the president. Decrees are issued jointly by the president and the Council of Ministers between sessions of the Supreme Council of the Union. As the final say is always on the Supreme Council of the Union, a decree must only be confirmed by them to remain valid (Ibrahim, 1982). Dubai’s political system, which is a unique combination of the traditional and the modern, has underpinned this political success, enabling the country to develop a modern administrative structure while, at the same time, ensuring that the best of the traditions of the past are maintained, adapted and preserved (Ibrahim, 1982). Relations with the other members of the U. A. E. have not always been smooth. The discovery of a big natural gas field in Sharjah reopened a border dispute with Dubai. In November 1982, Dubai sent tanks to the border to prevent Sharjah’s foreign contractors from drilling the field (Seale, 1988). However, not all is coming up roses for Dubai. Bad planning and extravagance have now caused new miseries. In fact, the most outstanding examples of ill-conceived investment in the Arab world are found in the Dubai ports and so-called international airports stand cheek to cheek. Within fifty kilometers of its coast are three major ports, including the Mina Jabel Ali, the biggest manmade port ever built. Its sixty-seven berths are now suffering terrible losses. Being a member of the United Arab Emirates, Dubai has an international airport of its own, making cynics joke that the state boundaries end where the next runway begins. The headquarters of the Arab Monetary Fund in Dubai have polished one-way windows done with gold compound (Peck, 1986). References Ibrahim, Saad Eddin. (1982). The New Arab Social Order: A Study of the Social Impact of Oil Wealth. Westview Press. Peck, Malcolm C. (1986). The United Arab Emirates: A Venture in Unity. Westview Press. Seale, Patrick. (1988). Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press.

Structure And Function Of Biomolecules Biology Essay

Structure And Function Of Biomolecules Biology Essay All Biomolecules have certain functions and these molecules all have a unique structure which is why they function in these ways. These molecules are known collectively as macromolecules, these molecules are grouped into four main categories which each have there own structure. These structures are the key to the macromolecules functions as each of them do a specific task in the body. Macromolecules are grouped into carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. In most cases macromolecules are polymers, which is a long molecule which are made by linking together a large number of small, similar compounds called monomers. Polymers are formed by a dehydration reaction, this happens by the -OH group being removed from one monomer, and a hydrogen atom (H) is removed from the other monomer, then the polymer is formed (as shown in Figure 1). This reaction is also used in the linking of fatty acids to glycerol in lipids. This reaction is referred to as a condensation or dehydration reaction, because the reaction produces a water molecule from the -OH and -H groups removed, and for each monomer that is added a water molecule is given off. The opposite reaction is the hydrolysis reaction which breaks down polymer to there respective monomers. Water is added to the macromolecule splitting the bonds between the monomers and the -OH and -H are attached to form the monomers (as in Figure 2). Carbohydrates are a group of molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a molar ratio 1:2:1. Carbohydrates have a general formula of (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbon atoms. These carbohydrates contain a lot of carbon-hydrogen bonds, which releases energy when oxidation occurs, as carbohydrates are well suited for energy storage. Sugars are some of the most important energy sources and they exist in several different forms, such as monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are the simplest of carbohydrates, they may contain as few as three carbons but the ones that have a key role in energy storage have six carbons. Disaccharides serve as transport molecules in plants and provide nutrition in animals; they are used by plants for transporting glucose around the plant as disaccharides are not easily metabolised, but disaccharides are usually consumed by humans and animals. Polysaccharides provide energy storage, such as starch consists entirely o f ÃŽÂ ±-glucose molecules linked in a long chain. Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide which also consists of glucose linked in long chains, but these molecules are ÃŽÂ ²-glucose. Carbohydrates are used as a source of energy for processes in the body such as muscle movement (Raven et al 2008). Proteins Proteins are linear polymers made up of a combination of 20 different amino acids, which contain amino group (-NH2) as well as an acidic carboxyl group (-COOH). The specific order of amino acids determines the proteins structure and function. The amino and acid carboxyl group go through a dehydration reaction to form a peptide bond which joins the amino acids together to form proteins. Proteins have many different functions which are placed into seven categories; Enzyme catalysis, Support, Defence, Motion, Transport, Regulation and Storage. Enzyme catalysis is when enzymes which are globular proteins with a three-dimensional shape that fit around some molecules to facilitate chemical reactions (Raven et al 2008). Support proteins fibres play a structural role, these fibres include keratin in hair fibrin in blood clots and collagen which forms the matrix of skin, ligaments, tendons, and bones, and is the most abundant protein in a vertebrate body (Raven et al 2008). Defence proteins a re globular and use there shape to recognise foreign microbes and cancer cells, these cell-surface receptors are from the core of the bodys endocrine and immune system (Raven et al 2008). Muscles contract through the sliding motion of two kinds of protein filaments: actin and myosin (Raven et al 2008). A variety of globular proteins transport small molecules and ions. The transport protein Haemoglobin, for example, transports oxygen in the blood stream (Raven et al 2008). Small proteins called hormones serve as intercellular messengers in animals. Proteins also play many regulatory roles within the cell-turning on and shutting off genes during development (Raven et al 2008). Calcium and iron are stored by binding as ions to storage proteins (Raven et al 2008). Lipids Lipids are varied in structure and function, most of them are non soluble in water. Lipids have a very high proportion of nonpolar carbon-hydrogen bonds; so long chain lipids cannot fold up like a protein to sequester their nonpolar portions away from the surrounding aqueous environment. Lipids are hydrophobic so when they are exposed to water there hydrophilic (polar) sections of the lipids cluster together while the hydrophobic (nonpolar) sections gather together with the inside the polar sections to stay away from the water. Fats and oils are a type of lipid which are formed from glycerol and three fatty acids. Fatty acids are long chain hydrocarbons with a carboxylic acid (COOH) at one end. Fats and oils, also known as triglycerides, can be saturated where the fatty acids contain at least one carbon to carbon double bond or they can be unsaturated which means there are no double bonds. Phospholipids are also lipids and they are composed of a polar head, a phosphate group, glycero l, and two fatty acids. Phospholipids form the cell membranes and they use the previously mentioned method for holding together cells. The hydrophobic heads gather towards the water inside and outside the cell forming the membrane, which certain molecules can go through to get inside or outside the cell. Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides and each nucleotide is made up of a sugar, a base and a phosphate group. Nucleic acids are the information carrying devices of each cell containing the code for all proteins. There are two main forms of nucleic acid which are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Unique among macromolecules, nucleic acids are able to serve as a template to produce a perfect replicate of it. DNA is usually found in the nucleus of cells, which contains the genetic information necessary to build specific organisms (Raven et al 2008). Cells use RNA to read the DNAs encoded information and to direct the creation of the proteins. RNA and DNA are similar in structure and consist of duplicate copies of parts of DNA. The duplicates serve as a blueprint specifying the amino acid sequences of the proteins. In addition to serving as subunits of DNA and RNA, nucleotide bases play other critical roles in the life of a cell. For example adenine is a key co mponent of the molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of a cell (Raven et al 2008). Two other important nucleotide-containing molecules are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). These molecules function as electron carriers in a variety of cellular processes (Raven et al 2008). So Biomolecules have certain functions which they carry out in the body because of there unique structures. These structures are unique as they contain certain bonds between molecules which are all formed in similar reactions. But the four groups of macromolecules are formed in similar reactions, dehydration and hydrolysis reactions, but they all act in different ways.